Unit
History - 6937th Communications Group, PAS, Peshawar,
Pakistan
(Copyright © 2001 -
2003)
Foreword: This is a work in progress. The information given here is from a variety sources including: personal experiences of the author, experiences of others who were stationed at Peshawar Air Station, various US Government archives, etc. While every attempt was made to assure the accuracy of the material, failing memories and sketchy sources may have led to the inclusion of rumors and less than perfect results. At this time, April 2003, data is still being collected. Anyone having additional information or correction to anything here is invited to contact the author. All rights to this material are maintained by the author: Milton L. Fulghum fulghum@vss.fsi.com |
IntroductionIn July of 1955 the Commander of the 6900th Security Wing of the US Air Force Security Service (USAFSS) in Germany issued temporary duty (TDY) orders for a team of intercept operators to survey various locations in West Pakistan for their suitability as radio signals intercept sites. It is not known if any particular world event triggered the need for at listening post in West Pakistan. What is known is that in 1955 the US and the Soviet Union were in the midst of the Cold War. The US wanted to know everything that could be learned about the strategic military capabilities of the Soviet Union. West Pakistan had consented to assist the US in obtaining information by hosting various US sensor activities. It was determined that the survey orders could best be implemented by assigning operators from an existing site in Libya to the survey team to by led by officers and senior NCOs from other locations. Several plane loads of men and equipment were flown to West Pakistan to conduct the survey. After evaluating a number of other sites, the survey team strongly recommended that the new site be located near Peshawar in the Northwest Frontier of West Pakistan. In 1958 the USAFSS began marshalling equipment for a site at Peshawar as Project SAND BAG. Then Capt. Luther A. Tarbox was placed in charge of the effort to collect men and materiel and get them all to Peshawar. The tasks included finding equipment, getting the equipment refurbished to “like new” conditioning, getting visas and health processing for the men, making transportation arrangements, and getting everyone and everything to Peshawar. The personnel were assigned both on TDY from Europe and PCS from the US. The movement to Peshawar took place in the summer of 1958. Roughly twenty plane loads of men and equipment were flown to Peshawar. A temporary operating location was setup at the Peshawar airport. Several vans contained the equipment. While permanent facilities were under construction, the personnel were housed in local hotels (photo on right is commander's office at Deans Hotel). By the end of 1958 enough of the new facility was completed to provide partial support to the temporary site. Most important was a quiet place to sleep and uncontaminated food. Many men of the initial cadre had suffered severe bouts of dysentery. Construction of Peshawar Air Station included administration buildings, H-type barracks, dining hall, movie theater and a gym. Of course, an operations compound was included to house the specialized equipment used for collection of a variety of data types. Additional construction projects added a bowling alley, a nine-hole golf course, dependent housing, dependent school for grades K through 7, and expansion of the operations compound. By 1968 the operations staff at Peshawar had grown to 800. Another 500 support personnel provided essential services ranging from mail handling and cooks to recreation and chaplains. The dependent population is uncertain. Also, in 1968 the Government of Pakistan advised the US Government that, when the ten-year lease expired in July of 1969, the lease would not be renewed. After considerable negotiations, the US vacated the station in July of 1970 bringing an end to an era of US operations in Pakistan. The above is but a thumbnail sketch of the history of Peshawar Air Station. The following chapters will provide additional detail about the installation, the people, and the mission of Peshawar Air Station. Finding the Right Place (The
intention for this section is to provide some background on why the
operation at PAS was needed and how the location was selected. This will
be a challenge because only one person from the survey team has been
found. Research into the State Department documents from the
period has not yet begun because an archive of the papers has not been
located.) It is still unclear what the
original purpose of PAS operations were. Further research is
needed in this area. Speculation is that the US wanted information
on Soviet ballistic missile and missile launch capabilities.
Intelligence sources had located a number of launch complexes within the
Soviet Union. These complexes served as both ballistic missile research
facilities and space program launch facilities. A number of US
university professors had proven to US intelligence agencies that much
information about capabilities could be obtained from telemetry. The problem then became that of
collecting telemetry for analysis. The nature of telemetry signals is
such that they can only be recorded while in near line of sight with the
source. That means the recording facility has to be close to the
telemetry source. Since a number of the Soviet complexes were in the
southwestern regions of the Soviet Union, Pakistan became a prime
candidate as a recording facility. A number of other US facilities in
the region also were identified as candidates. The survey team consisted of roughly 50 USAF personnel. The enlisted operators were from a site in Libya. The NCOs and officers were from USAF Europe. Indications have been noted that the Libyan site was in the process of closing at this time, so perhaps the enlisted operators were a convenient source of operators for the survey of site in Pakistan. Experiences Trip to Peshawar Various PAS veterans have
described a number of different routes that were used in getting GIs to
PAS. The changes in routes are primarily associated with the
introduction of various new transport aircraft. The route described
below was used in the late 60s and was implemented with USAF C-141 Star
Lifters. Charleston AFB served as
a main terminal for the USAF personnel passenger service. Flights
departed on a regular basis to points east and south. Travel orders
typically assigned each individual to a MATS flight number with
instructions to check in a few hours before the scheduled departure
time. Everything seemed to be very routine. The
stop at Torrejon was for crew rest. We arrived in the wee hours of the
morning. The ground crew at the base shuttled us off to the transient
airmen's quarters so we could get some sleep. The flight was due to
depart in about 8-10 hours, so we decided to get a few hours sleep and
then go sightseeing in Madrid. Once in Madrid, we piled into a
taxi and had the driver show us around the city. Since we were there
between Christmas and New Years Day, the seasonal decorations were still
on display. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia The stop in Dhahran was primarily for fuel. I suppose there was probably additional diplomatic pouches loaded also. The passengers were escorted to a roped-off area of the terminal to await departure. There were Saudi guards with machine guns to make sure we didn't stray off. Later, it occurred to me that the guards might have been there to protect us from the potential evils of that sort of place. During our wait there was what appeared to be a Saudi domestic flight loading for departure. The aircraft appeared to be a very old DC-3 Gooney Bird. The aircraft had a number of patches in the skin that seemed to be about the right size and pattern for bullet hole patches. The aircraft reminded me of the one portrayed in the "L'il Abner" comic strip. The cre got it loaded and it took off without incident before we departed. Trip to the "World" A Nightmare Come True - During my final weeks at PAS, I had a number of recurring bad dreams about being mobbed at Peshawar Airport in the process of leaving for Karachi on the way out of the country. When my transportation out was finally arranged everything seemed to be going well on the PIA flight until we got to the scheduled stop at Lahore. Our plane was met by a guy from some US agency. He said we were to deplaned in Lahore with our baggage and await further instructions. All of the GIs on the airplane were taken to a local hotel. The hotel was straight out of one of the Shirley Temple movies. We were told not to unpack and be ready to leave on short notice.
Finally, around 3:00 AM, we were taken back to the airport and loaded
unto another airplane. During all of this time, no explanation was given
as to what was going on. We arrived at the Karachi airport at about 5:00
AM and were loaded on a bus to the Karachi Intercontinental Hotel.
Along the way it became obvious why we were detained in Lahore. There
had been a huge anti-American riot in Karachi the previous evening. The
last thing the US authorities wanted was a bunch of GIs trying to get
through the mob. Well, it wasn't exactly the same as my
nightmare, but it was close enough.
Life Around Peshawar Transportation It was pretty easy to get around the Peshawar area. The station operated a shuttle base from the station into town on a regular schedule as long as the political situation in town was considered safe. Once is town the easiest and safest transport was by horse-drawn two-wheeled cart. There also a Cushman scooter version of the same that was considered a suicide cart. If there was a accident with on of these the passengers went out the front head-long. The Khyber Pass
The Khyber Pass had at least two major thoroughfares. One was an asphalt
paved two-lane motor vehicle road. The road was relatively well
maintained. The traffic was mostly trucks with a few buses and cars
sprinkled in. The Pakistani vehicles usually had no unused space. Buses
had people packed inside, hanging on the outside, and sitting on top.
Cars were similarly packed. We were once passed by a 1950
Chevrolet that had about seven people inside and another two sitting in
the truck.
Landi Kotal Shopping
The village of Landi Kotal was also known as Thieves City. This name
came from the belief that most of the goods on sale in the city was
stolen from transports passing through the Khyber Pass. The shops were
stocked with a wide variety of products at reasonable prices. One
quickly learned that the prices were very negotiable.
The hills around the border area had very large clock faces constructed
from white rocks with a single clock hand made from a white wooden pole.
On other hills in the area were large numbers also constructed from
rocks. One theory on the purpose of this was to provide coordinates to
aircraft without the use of radio communications. A primitive solution
in a primitive part of the world.
Many of the PAS veterans have mentioned trips to the Mangla Dam and the
construction community there. The PAS softball team played the
team from Mangla. A number of the guys made some lasting friends among
the folks. PAS Today Through the years US-Pakistan relations have been a roller coaster. Even during the years of operations at PAS, the relationship was bumpy due to Pakistani worries over the potential threat from India. Pakistan always wanted more military aid than the US was willing to give. After the closing of PAS, the US replaced the intelligence products from PAS with those from other ground sites and satellites. However, during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the US provided intercept equipment to Pakistan, but not operators. The products from the equipment were shared with the US.(9) Most recent information indicates that the facility the was USAF Peshawar Air Station is now Pakistani Air Force Badaber Air Station. The PAF uses the facility as a Basic Staff School. Reports from visitors to the facility in the 1990s indicated that the facility is well maintained except for a few of the buildings that are not in use. 6937th Commanders Following list of Peshawar Air Station / 6937th Commanders has been compiled from various exchanges with either the individual commander or people that were there during the period. It is easy to see that there may be gaps in the information Col Ethyl Branham Dates: Apr 58 -
Apr 59 (est.) Col Branham was the
6937th commander during the initial operations setup
at the temporary location at the Peshawar civil airport. He essentially
received the unit, both men and materiel, from Capt Luther A. Tarbox
when it was shipped from Rhien-Main AB, Germany. The dates of his
command need to be
confirmed. Dates: Apr 59 - Apr 60.
Col Long was identified as a
possible commander. This needs to be confirmed. His full name needs to
be completed. The command dates given are estimated from what is
believed about tour lengths during that period. Dates: Apr 60 - Jun 61. Col Spooner was identified as a
possible commander. This needs to be confirmed. His full name needs to
be completed. The command dates given are estimated from what is
believed about tour lengths during that period. Dates: unknown.
LTC Skinner was acting
base commander until Col Hanley arrived. (Grant) Dates: I need to confirm this name with Mrs. Goerder Dates: Jun 61 - July 9, 1963. Col Hyde identified Col
Goerder as the commander he relieved. The beginning date is an estimate
and needs to be confirmed. The ending date is from Col Hyde's orders
and should be accurate. Col Goerder passed away in 2000. Dates: July 9, 1963 -
July 4,1965. Col Hyde provided
this information from his orders. Dates: July 4,1965 - Jun 67. Col Hyde identified Col
Taylor as the commander that relieved him. The
beginning date is from Col Hyde's orders and should be accurate. The
ending date is an estimate and needs to be confirmed. Dates: Jun 67 - Jul 69. These dates are from an e-mail
message from Col Tarbox that summarized a
conversation with Col Eubank. It would be nice to have the dates down to
the day. Dates: Jul 69 - Jul 70? This information is also from the above conversation with Col Eubank. An ending date is needed. Need to also confirm that the ending date is the actual closing of the station, i.e., nothing further was happening at Peshawar. Stay tuned - more to come . . . . . . . . NOTES: |